Aleppo Oak Gallnuts

1- Scientific Name: Quercus infectoria G.Olivier Synonyms: – English Name: Aleppo Oak Galls (Green)2- Scientific Name: Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Synonyms: Quercus robur var. petraea Matt. English Name: Aleppo Oak Galls (White)Other Names in English (UK, USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand): Oak Galls, Apple Gall Family: Fagaceae

GENERAL DATA

Plant Parts: Fruits, Gall
Cultivation Mode: Wild collection
In Manufacturing: Pharmaceutical, Leather manufacturing, Ink manufacturing, Dyeing manufacturing.

🌰 Industries That Use Aleppo Oak Galls (Quercus infectoria G. Olivier)

Aleppo Oak Galls—also known as Oak Gallnuts—are hard, spherical growths formed on the young twigs of Quercus infectoria due to the activity of gall wasps (Cynips spp.). These gallnuts are extremely rich in tannins (up to 50–70%) and have a long-standing role in medicine, ink production, leather tanning, and cosmetics.

1. Pharmaceutical & Traditional Medicine Industry

Used for thousands of years in Persian, Unani, Ayurvedic, and traditional Chinese medicine for their astringent, antibacterial, and healing properties.

Applications:

• Treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and internal bleeding

• Used as mouthwash for sore gums and oral ulcers

• Applied topically to treat wounds, vaginal tightening, and skin irritation

• Included in postpartum care for women

• Strong hemostatic and astringent actions

✅ Common forms: powdered gallnut, decoction, ointments, vaginal suppositories

2. Dye, Ink & Artisanal Industry

Historically, gallnuts were the primary source of black ink in manuscripts from the Middle Ages through the 19th century.

Uses:

• Traditional iron-gall ink (from tannic and gallic acids)

• Natural dyeing of textiles, parchments, and paper

• Mordant in natural dye processes

✅ Still used in historical document restoration and artisanal ink making

3. Cosmetic & Personal Care Industry

The astringent and skin-tightening properties make gallnuts valuable in skincare formulations.

Uses:

• Included in face masks, pore-tightening serums, and acne treatments

• Used in vaginal care gels, tightening creams, and bath blends

• Traditional beauty use for firming and toning skin

✅ Especially valued in Asian and Middle Eastern beauty regimens

4. Leather Tanning & Textile Industry

Oak gallnuts are one of the strongest natural tannin sources, ideal for vegetable tanning processes.

Applications:

• Used in premium leather tanning for high-quality goods

• Enhances flexibility and durability of leather

• Serves as a natural mordant for wool and silk

✅ Eco-friendly and chemical-free tanning alternative

5. Veterinary & Ethnoveterinary Medicine

Used in rural and traditional animal care systems.

Applications:

• Treatment of diarrhea and intestinal parasites in livestock

• Applied externally to heal wounds and insect bites

✅ Often combined with herbal decoctions in local animal husbandry

6. Nutraceutical & Supplement Industry

Gaining interest for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic properties.

Potential Uses:

• Oral health rinses

• Antioxidant capsules or powders

• Gut health formulations

✅ Subject of ongoing research for gut microbiota and immunity

✅ Summary of Key Applications

🌰 Key Features:

• Extremely high tannin content (50–70%)

• Natural source of gallic acid

• Eco-friendly and biodegradable

• Used since ancient times across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East

• Harvested primarily from young galls on twigs

🌿 Industries That Use White Aleppo Galls (Quercus petraea)

White Aleppo Galls—also known as White Gallnuts—are pale, dense structures formed on Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak) due to insect activity (usually by gall wasps). While lower in tannin concentration than Q. infectoria galls, they are still valued across several industries due to their milder astringency and unique phytochemical profile.

1. Cosmetic & Personal Care Industry

White gall extract is appreciated for its gentler astringent action, ideal for sensitive or reactive skin types.

Applications:

• Skin toners & firming gels

• Anti-acne masks (for oily yet sensitive skin)

• Aftershave lotions and pore-tightening treatments

• Herbal mouthwashes or gargles

✅ Often used in formulations where harsh tannins would irritate the skin.

2. Pharmaceutical & Traditional Medicine

Used in some mild herbal remedies for its astringent, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Common uses:

• Herbal pastes and gargles for mouth ulcers

• Sitz baths for hemorrhoids or skin irritation

• External treatments for minor wounds or weeping eczema

✅ Preferred when a gentler action is desired compared to dark galls.

3. Natural Dyeing & Textile Industry

Though not as intense as dark galls, white Aleppo galls still provide tannins useful in fabric pre-treatment and light dye fixing.

Roles:

• Mordanting protein fibers (wool, silk)

• Gentle beige/tan tone application

• Stabilizing natural dyes in soft color palettes

✅ Useful in eco-dyeing projects or children’s clothing, where low-toxicity is preferred.

4. Leather Tanning Industry

Used in vegetable tanning for soft, light-colored leathers such as:

• Gloves

• Bookbinding leather

• Luxury accessories

✅ Gives a smoother finish and less color distortion compared to harsh tanning agents.

5. Oral & Dental Hygiene Products

The milder astringency makes it suitable for:

• Herbal toothpaste powders

• Ayurvedic and Unani mouthwashes

• Gum-firming rinses and powders

✅ A traditional ingredient in natural oral care systems in parts of Iran and Eastern Europe.

6. Ethnic & Export Market

White Aleppo Galls are:

• Traded as a less expensive alternative to black gallnuts

• Exported for traditional formulations in South Asia and the Middle East

• Commonly used in folk crafts and herb-based mixtures

✅ Available in whole, powdered, or broken form for different uses.

✅ Summary of Key Applications

🌳 Key Features:

• Derived from Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak)

• Lower tannin but milder on skin and mucosa

• Ideal for sensitive applications (skin, oral, textile)

• Economical and eco-friendly tannin source

• Available in whole, sliced, or powdered form

🌰 Comparison: Aleppo Oak Galls from Quercus infectoria vs Quercus petraea

✅ Summary

• Quercus infectoria gallnuts (dark/brown) are richer in tannins and gallic acid, and more potent in medicinal, dyeing, and ink applications.

• Quercus petraea gallnuts (white) are less potent, but still used in lighter skincare, tanning, or where gentler astringency is preferred.

• While they share some uses, they are not interchangeable in pharmaceutical-grade or high-quality ink production.

 

PRODUCT NAME IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES Persian Name: مازو/ Mazoo German Name (Deutschland, Austria, Switzerland): Gall-Eiche, Alleppo-Eiche, Galleiche French Name (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Quebec): Noix de Galle

 

HARVEST CALENDAR

 

🧾 Nutrition Facts – Dried Aleppo Oak Galls (Quercus infectoria G. Olivier) (Per 100g)

Botanical Name: Quercus infectoria G. Olivier
Common Names: Aleppo Oak Galls, Gallnuts, Manjakani, Majuphal
Part Used: Galls (abnormal growths induced by insects, typically Cynips spp.)
Traditional Use: Extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese, and Persian medicine as an astringent, antimicrobial, wound healer, digestive tonic, and female health remedy

---

🔹 General Composition (Per 100g, dried)

Nutrient	Amount	% Daily Value (DV)
Calories	~215 kcal	11%
Water (residual)	~9.2 g	—
Protein	~5.1 g	10%
Total Fat	~1.4 g	2%
• Saturated Fat	~0.3 g	1%
Carbohydrates	~48.6 g	18%
• Dietary Fiber	~33 g	118%
• Natural Sugars	~1.2 g	—

🌰 Very high in dietary fiber, with low fat and sugar — traditionally decocted, not consumed whole

---

🔬 Mineral Content

🪨 Particularly rich in iron, manganese, and calcium — supports circulatory and mineral balance in traditional use

---

🌿 Vitamin Content

🌱 Small amounts of B-complex vitamins; nutritional value secondary to medicinal phytochemistry

---

🧪 Phytochemical & Bioactive Compounds

• Gallotannins (up to 50–60%) – Strong astringents with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity

• Ellagic Acid – Potent antioxidant, traditionally used in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory preparations

• Gallic Acid – Protects against oxidative damage; modulates inflammatory pathways

• Flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, quercetin) – Contribute to antimicrobial and circulatory effects

• Catechins & Polyphenols – Free radical scavengers, tissue tightening properties

• Saponins & Alkaloids (trace) – Antimicrobial, support mucosal healing

🌳 Gallotannins are the most defining and active components in oak galls — often exceeding 50% of dry weight

---

🩺 Health Benefits